Understanding Pyometra in Pets
Understanding Pyometra in Pets: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Pyometra is a serious condition that every pet owner should be aware of, especially those with unspayed female dogs or cats. This life-threatening infection of the uterus can progress rapidly, making early detection and treatment critical. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options, you can better protect your pet’s health. Regular vet visits and considering preventive measures like spaying are essential steps in reducing the risk. At Petsy, we’re committed to helping you stay informed and prepared to ensure your furry friend receives the best possible care.
Commonality: moderately common in unsterilised females
Transmission: non-transmissible
Impact on Health: High
Symptoms:
- Unsterilised
- Abdominal pain or discomfort
- Increased drinking
- Increased urination
- Lethargy, weakness
- Fever
- Diarrhoea
- Vomiting
- Inappetence
- Vaginal discharge (may not be symptomatic in cats)
Treatment Cost: > $1,500 – $4,000 AUD
Treatment Time: 6hrs – 48hrs depending on recovery
Ease of Prevention: Easy
Most affected Cat Breeds: no specific breed predisposition, unsterilised females above the age of 5 years
Most affected Dog Breeds: Bernese Mountain Dog, Rottweiler, Rough-haired Collie, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Golden Retriever; nulliparous or older than 4 years old intact females
Covered by Petsy: covered as long as it’s not a pre-existing condition and your pet hasn’t shown signs or symptoms of the condition within the exclusion period.
Petsy Pet Insurance
Published 20th Aug 2024
Updated 22nd Aug 2024
10 min read
Petsy Pet Insurance
Published 20th Aug 2024
Updated 22nd Aug 2024
10 min read
On This Page You Will Find
Key Takeways
- Early recognition and understanding of clinical signs and symptoms of Pyometra is crucial in detecting it as early as possible so that the necessary treatment can be delivered to achieve the best outcome for your pet.
- Regular Vet visits to keep up with your pets preventatives and routine checks can help to monitor your pets health and vitals which may indicate any symptoms in the early stages. Your vet will also be able to advise for the best time to desex your pet.
- Consider Ovariohysterectomy/Spay as part of your routine check ups and preventatives done for your newly adopted fur bab.
- If suspected of pyometra, see the Vet immediately. Do not hesitate to contact your vet or bring your pet in as Pyometra can progress really quickly in a short period of time and can be fatal if not treated in a timely manner
- Surgical intervention is the recommended choice of treatment as it bothe resolves and removes the issue.
What Is Pyometra?
For the Non Vets – It is a severe infection of the female reproductive tract leading to the accumulation of pus in the womb. You can liken the wombs/uterus to long balloons (the kind you make balloon sculptures with) and when the pus builds up in there, it swells up like when you fill up the long balloon with water. Eventually, when it gets too big the balloon becomes fragile and can burst any moment. Similarly, in Pyometra, the tract can get distended to a point where it may explode which will then introduce pus and bacteria to the abdomen. This is when it can get really dangerous as it becomes a severe abdominal infection which can be fatal.
The Vets Answer – An infection of the uterine horns of the female reproductive tract, producing purulent fluid filled uterine bodies, likely attributable to a combination of hormonal imbalances affecting the uterine environment and exposure to a non-commensal pathogen of urinary or faecal origin. It can be further categorised into being a closed or open pyometra depending on whether the cervix is closed or open.
Importance of Pyometra for Pet Owners
Pyometra if left undealt with, can be a lethal condition and the prevention is as easy as desexing your pet. It is one of the few conditions with a high mortality rate that can be easily prevented. Pyometra can progress rapidly and immediate medical attention and intervention is necessary to stabilise the patient.
There is no clear evidence for breed disposition in cats but there is some evidence of dog breeds such as Bernese Mountain Dog, Rottweiler, Rough-haired Collie, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Golden Retriever having some predisposition to developing Pyometra. However, Pyometra can develop in any breed and the biggest factor that predisposes it is the unsterilised status of a female cat or dog, with increasing risk at older ages of 4-5 years.
The Role of Bacteria in Pyometra…
An ascending infection occurs when bacteria travel up the reproductive tract from the vagina through the to the uterus. Now, usually, the cervix is closed and prevents the bacteria from passing through to the uterus. However, when the cervix is open during heat cycles, breeding, or due to hormonal imbalances, bacteria manages to pass through.
In older animals or those with underlying conditions, the cervix may become more permeable, allowing bacteria to enter more easily. Once inside, bacteria can thrive in the uterus, especially if conditions like pyometra or uterine cysts create environments conducive to bacterial growth. Additionally, medical procedures or interventions can introduce bacteria, increasing the risk of infection and contributing to the development of pyometra.
Pyometra Causes in Pets
Unsterilised status
Unsterilised pets are at a higher risk of developing pyometra as the reproductive tract is still intact, this allows for the accumulation of bacteria in the uterus, leading to infection. Furthermore, being intact means that they continue to experience heat cycles without pregnancy, making them more susceptible to pyometra.
Hormonal changes
Hormonal fluctuations, particularly increased progesterone levels, are crucial in triggering pyometra in dogs and cats. Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy, causing the uterine lining to thicken if fertilisation doesn’t occur. This thickened lining creates a favourable environment for bacterial growth. Elevated oestrogen levels during heat cycles also make the uterine lining more susceptible to bacterial colonisation.
Repeated heat cycles
Repeated heat cycles or reproductive disorders can disrupt the normal microbial balance, allowing opportunistic pathogens to infect the uterus. This repeated process heightens the risk of bacterial infection and the development of pyometra.
Underlying health issues
Underlying health issues like diabetes, Cushing’s disease, and hypothyroidism can increase the risk of pyometra in dogs and cats by affecting hormone levels or weakening the immune system. Older female pets are also more prone due to age-related changes in their reproductive organs. Previous infections, poor hygiene, and compromised immune defences can hence increase the risk of pyometra. Maintaining good hygiene, especially during heat cycles and after medical procedures, along with regular veterinary check-ups and prompt treatment of reproductive issues, is essential for preventing pyometra and other uterine infections.
Diagnosing Pyometra
If you suspect your dog or cat has pyometra, it’s crucial to get them evaluated by a veterinarian as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to preventing serious complications like sepsis and organ failure, and they improve the chances of a successful recovery.
Monitoring and Initial Assessment: Keep an eye out for signs like vomiting, lethargy, or increased thirst. If you notice these symptoms, seek veterinary care right away.
Blood Tests: These tests help the vet check the overall health of your pet and see how well their organs are working. They can identify infections and show if the infection is affecting the liver or kidneys.
Imaging: X-rays and ultrasounds are used to diagnose pyometra. X-rays can show if the uterus/womb is enlarged and filled with pus. Ultrasounds provide detailed images to confirm the presence of pus and help determine if the cervix is open or closed. This helps the vet plan the right treatment.
Physical Examination: A thorough physical exam paired with the diagnostics is always necessary to confirm pyometra and rule out other possible issues. The vet will check for an enlarged, painful uterus and may examine vaginal discharge for signs of pus. They might also test the discharge to identify the bacteria causing the infection, which helps in choosing the right antibiotics.
Treatment Options for Pyometra: Surgical Solution
Surgery is the most common and effective way to treat pyometra in dogs and cats. This procedure, called an ovariohysterectomy or spay surgery, involves removing the infected uterus. It’s especially important for severe cases where the infection has become serious and threatens the pet’s health. The goal of the surgery is to remove the source of infection and prevent it from recurring. Removing the uterus reduces the risk of future pyometra and eliminates the risk of uterine and ovarian cancers, providing long-term health benefits. In urgent cases, surgery may be done as an emergency to quickly address severe complications from the infection.
Treatment Options Pyometra: Non-Surgical Care
If surgery isn’t an option for treating pyometra due to other health issues, there are medical treatments available. These include giving fluids, antibiotics, and medications that help reduce and manage the infection without needing surgery.
However, medical treatments have risks. They might not fully clear the infection, leading to future problems, and they won’t address any underlying issues like tumours, which could be a long-term health concern.
A vet will use tests like blood work, ultrasounds, and bacterial cultures to decide the best treatment based on the specific situation. The choice between surgery and medical treatment depends on the pet’s overall health, age, and other factors.
Prevention Strategies
Early desexing/spay surgery/OVH upon first heat
This is the most effective way to prevent pyometra in dogs and cats. This surgery eliminates the risk of pyometra and reduces the chances of related infections and serious complications.
Regular routine check-ups
Regular vet visits are crucial for monitoring reproductive health and catching any issues early, such as pyometra. Early detection allows for timely preventive action and ensures overall good health.
Educating Ourselves
It’s important to educate ourselves about the signs of pyometra, such as symptoms related to hormonal changes. Early recognition and prompt veterinary care are vital. Regular discussions about preventive measures like spaying and routine check-ups can help owners understand and manage pyometra risk.
Getting Pyometra Covered with Petsy Pet Insurance
Illness : 14-day exclusion
Getting Pyometra Covered with Petsy Pet Insurance
What is Petsy Pet Insurance? (pre-approved)
Petsy Pet Insurance is an insurance policy that reimburses 80% or 90% of vet costs for the treatment of your pet if they suffer an unexpected injury or illness (provided these occur after any applicable exclusion period has ended symptom free).
Our policy is customisable and you’ll be able to tailor the level of coverage, based on your preferences for the Benefit Percentage, Annual Limit, Annual Excess, whether or not you’d like Optional Extra Benefits (if your pet is less than 3 years old) and whether or not you’d like to include costs of Vet Consultations for your cover.
You get to see a summary of the cover when completing an online quote and have the option to select a preferred start date. After making the payment, you’ll receive a confirmation of cover and your policy documents by email.
For added peace of mind, we offer a complimentary Pre-Existing Condition Assessment for all our members. This includes collecting your pet’s vet history upfront which helps to fast-track any future claims and we’ll also let you know whether there are any pre-existing conditions noted in their medical history that might affect your ongoing coverage.
Claims are quick and easy, and your vet can submit claims on your behalf. Approved claims are paid into your nominated bank account.
What is a pre-existing condition? (pre-approved)
Under the terms of the policy, Pre-existing Condition is defined as:
An Injury, Illness, Dental Illness, Behavioural Condition or Specified Condition (including Bilateral Conditions, recurrent Conditions and other conditions that are related to, secondary to, or results of) that:
- first occurred or showed symptoms of; or
- was identified or investigated by a Vet; or
- You were aware of or a reasonable person in the circumstances could be expected to have known about, before Your Pet’s First Date of Cover, before a change of coverage became effective, or during any applicable Exclusion Period.
Whether a condition is considered a pre-existing condition depends on when the signs or symptoms occurred and when the exclusion periods on your policy end. Anything that happened before the exclusion periods ended is considered a pre-existing condition because it started before your coverage began.
Covered by Petsy: We cover Pyometra as long as it’s not a pre-existing condition and your pet hasn’t shown signs or symptoms of the condition within the exclusion period.
Pyometra has a 14-day exclusion period. Once this period has passed and as long as your pet hasn’t shown symptoms, we can help to cover the vet costs for unexpected injuries and illnesses such as Pyometra.
Can Petsy Insurance Cover My Pet’s Pyometra?
It depends on when you started your policy. If the signs or symptoms of Pyometra appeared before your policy began or during the exclusion period, it won’t be covered. But if you had an active policy and Pyometra happened unexpectedly, we can help to cover the costs.
If you’re a Petsy customer and are unsure about your exclusion periods and when the symptoms first appeared, you can request a pre-existing condition assessment. We’ll reach out to your vet for your pet’s medical history and let you know if your policy can cover it.
If you’re considering Petsy Pet Insurance, you can also reach out to our customer care team on 1300 952 790 for more information.
Does Petsy cover Pyometra?
Yes, Pyometra is covered under our standard policy. However, we can’t cover it if it’s a pre-existing condition, – for example, if signs or symptoms appeared before your policy started or during the exclusion period. Petsy is here to protect you against unexpected vet costs.
How Petsy Pet Insurance can help with Pyometra
At Petsy, we understand how difficult it is when your pet faces Pyometra.
Our insurance can help cover the costs of treatment, but it’s important to start your policy early, before any signs or symptoms appear.
Stay alert to any signs of Pyometra, and seek veterinary care proactively. Catching things early can make a big difference in your pet’s well-being and help them receive the best possible care.
Final Remarks
Understanding pyometra in dogs and cats is essential for early detection and effective treatment. Recognizing symptoms, getting an accurate diagnosis, and exploring appropriate treatment options are key to ensuring your pet’s health. Being proactive and informed helps prevent the severe consequences of untreated pyometra.
Stay vigilant by scheduling regular vet check-ups and consulting your veterinarian if you notice any concerning signs. Your awareness and actions are crucial in protecting your pets from pyometra. Prioritise their health and stay informed to provide the best care for your furry companions.
Frequently Asked Questions about Pyometra
Pyometra is a serious bacterial infection of the uterus that commonly affects unspayed female dogs and cats. It can cause the uterus to fill with pus, leading to severe health issues and potentially life-threatening complications.
Symptoms can vary but often include:
- Increased thirst and urination
- Vomiting
- Lethargy or weakness
- Abdominal swelling or pain
- Unusual vaginal discharge (often pus-filled)
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
Physical examination, blood tests to check for infection and organ function, Imaging (X-rays, ultrasounds) to visualise the uterus, analysis of vaginal discharge for pus and bacteria
Pyometra is often caused by hormonal changes, particularly increased progesterone levels, which can lead to thickening of the uterine lining, allowing bacteria to infect, leading to pus accumulation. It is more common in unspayed females, especially those with repeated heat cycles.
The primary treatment for pyometra is surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries, known as spaying or ovariohysterectomy. If surgery is not possible, medical management with antibiotics and other supportive treatments may be used, but this is less common and carries risks.
Yes, spaying (removing the uterus and ovaries) is the most effective way to prevent pyometra. Regular veterinary check-ups and responsible breeding practices also help reduce the risk.
Medical management is sometimes used, especially if surgery is too risky due to other health issues. This may involve antibiotics and hormone treatments, but it has a higher risk of incomplete resolution and recurrence.
If left untreated, pyometra can lead to severe complications such as sepsis (a life-threatening infection), organ failure, and even death. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent these serious outcomes.
Keep an eye out for symptoms like abnormal vaginal discharge, increased thirst, lethargy, or abdominal swelling. Regular veterinary check-ups are important for early detection and prevention.
Contact your veterinarian immediately if you notice any signs of pyometra. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a positive outcome.
References
Griffin, D. W. (2018). Pyometra in small animals. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice. Retrieved August 22, 2024, from https://www.vetsmall.theclinics.com/article/S0195-5616(18)30026-3/fulltext
Hagman R. (2018). Pyometra in Small Animals. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 48(4), 639–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.03.00
VCA Animal Hospitals. Pyometra in dogs. VCA Animal Hospitals. Retrieved August 22, 2024, from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/pyometra-in-dogs
MSD Veterinary Manual. Pyometra. In Reproductive disorders of female dogs. Retrieved August 22, 2024, from https://www.msdvetmanual.com/dog-owners/reproductive-disorders-of-dogs/reproductive-disorders-of-female-dogs#Pyometra_v3206301
Veterinary Partner. Pyometra in dogs and cats. Veterinary Partner. Retrieved August 22, 2024, from https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=4951481
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